diff --git a/.cirrus.yml b/.cirrus.yml
index d8fe5484..ad1a653c 100644
--- a/.cirrus.yml
+++ b/.cirrus.yml
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ build_and_test: &BUILD_AND_TEST
 freebsd_task:
   name: FreeBSD
   freebsd_instance:
-    image: freebsd-13-1-release-amd64
+    image: freebsd-13-2-release-amd64
   env:
     RUSTUP_HOME: /usr/local/rustup
     CARGO_HOME: /usr/local/cargo
diff --git a/crates/backend/src/codegen/const.rs b/crates/backend/src/codegen/const.rs
index fe67f79e..8d217571 100644
--- a/crates/backend/src/codegen/const.rs
+++ b/crates/backend/src/codegen/const.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ impl NapiConst {
       }
       #[allow(non_snake_case)]
       #[allow(clippy::all)]
-      #[cfg(all(not(test), not(feature = "noop"), not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
+      #[cfg(all(not(test), not(feature = "noop"), not(target_os = "wasi")))]
       #[napi::bindgen_prelude::ctor]
       fn #register_name() {
         napi::bindgen_prelude::register_module_export(#js_mod_ident, #js_name_lit, #cb_name);
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ impl NapiConst {
 
       #[allow(non_snake_case)]
       #[allow(clippy::all)]
-      #[cfg(all(not(test), not(feature = "noop"), target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+      #[cfg(all(not(test), not(feature = "noop"), target_os = "wasi"))]
       #[no_mangle]
       unsafe extern "C" fn #register_name() {
         napi::bindgen_prelude::register_module_export(#js_mod_ident, #js_name_lit, #cb_name);
diff --git a/crates/backend/src/codegen/enum.rs b/crates/backend/src/codegen/enum.rs
index 2c923f29..0be465d8 100644
--- a/crates/backend/src/codegen/enum.rs
+++ b/crates/backend/src/codegen/enum.rs
@@ -158,14 +158,14 @@ impl NapiEnum {
       }
       #[allow(non_snake_case)]
       #[allow(clippy::all)]
-      #[cfg(all(not(test), not(feature = "noop"), not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
+      #[cfg(all(not(test), not(feature = "noop"), not(target_os = "wasi")))]
       #[napi::bindgen_prelude::ctor]
       fn #register_name() {
         napi::bindgen_prelude::register_module_export(#js_mod_ident, #js_name_lit, #callback_name);
       }
       #[allow(non_snake_case)]
       #[allow(clippy::all)]
-      #[cfg(all(not(test), not(feature = "noop"), target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+      #[cfg(all(not(test), not(feature = "noop"), target_os = "wasi"))]
       #[no_mangle]
       extern "C" fn #register_name() {
         napi::bindgen_prelude::register_module_export(#js_mod_ident, #js_name_lit, #callback_name);
diff --git a/crates/backend/src/codegen/fn.rs b/crates/backend/src/codegen/fn.rs
index 2c6eb00d..9bf200b4 100644
--- a/crates/backend/src/codegen/fn.rs
+++ b/crates/backend/src/codegen/fn.rs
@@ -589,7 +589,7 @@ impl NapiFn {
 
         #[allow(clippy::all)]
         #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-        #[cfg(all(not(test), not(feature = "noop"), not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
+        #[cfg(all(not(test), not(feature = "noop"), not(target_os = "wasi")))]
         #[napi::bindgen_prelude::ctor]
         fn #module_register_name() {
           napi::bindgen_prelude::register_module_export(#js_mod_ident, #js_name, #cb_name);
@@ -597,7 +597,7 @@ impl NapiFn {
 
         #[allow(clippy::all)]
         #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-        #[cfg(all(not(test), not(feature = "noop"), target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+        #[cfg(all(not(test), not(feature = "noop"), target_os = "wasi"))]
         #[no_mangle]
         extern "C" fn #module_register_name() {
           napi::bindgen_prelude::register_module_export(#js_mod_ident, #js_name, #cb_name);
diff --git a/crates/backend/src/codegen/struct.rs b/crates/backend/src/codegen/struct.rs
index 3a105acc..bdbd9304 100644
--- a/crates/backend/src/codegen/struct.rs
+++ b/crates/backend/src/codegen/struct.rs
@@ -778,7 +778,7 @@ impl NapiStruct {
     quote! {
       #[allow(non_snake_case)]
       #[allow(clippy::all)]
-      #[cfg(all(not(test), not(feature = "noop"), not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
+      #[cfg(all(not(test), not(feature = "noop"), not(target_os = "wasi")))]
       #[napi::bindgen_prelude::ctor]
       fn #struct_register_name() {
         napi::__private::register_class(#name_str, #js_mod_ident, #js_name, vec![#(#props),*]);
@@ -786,7 +786,7 @@ impl NapiStruct {
 
       #[allow(non_snake_case)]
       #[allow(clippy::all)]
-      #[cfg(all(not(test), not(feature = "noop"), target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+      #[cfg(all(not(test), not(feature = "noop"), target_os = "wasi"))]
       #[no_mangle]
       extern "C" fn #struct_register_name() {
         napi::__private::register_class(#name_str, #js_mod_ident, #js_name, vec![#(#props),*]);
@@ -901,13 +901,13 @@ impl NapiImpl {
         use super::*;
         #(#methods)*
 
-        #[cfg(all(not(test), not(feature = "noop"), not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
+        #[cfg(all(not(test), not(feature = "noop"), not(target_os = "wasi")))]
         #[napi::bindgen_prelude::ctor]
         fn #register_name() {
           napi::__private::register_class(#name_str, #js_mod_ident, #js_name, vec![#(#props),*]);
         }
 
-        #[cfg(all(not(test), not(feature = "noop"), target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+        #[cfg(all(not(test), not(feature = "noop"), target_os = "wasi"))]
         #[no_mangle]
         extern "C" fn #register_name() {
           napi::__private::register_class(#name_str, #js_mod_ident, #js_name, vec![#(#props_wasm),*]);
diff --git a/crates/macro/src/lib.rs b/crates/macro/src/lib.rs
index d72a8e6e..bd7c09bc 100644
--- a/crates/macro/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/macro/src/lib.rs
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ pub fn module_exports(_attr: TokenStream, input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
   };
 
   let register = quote! {
-    #[cfg_attr(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), napi::bindgen_prelude::ctor)]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(target_os = "wasi"), napi::bindgen_prelude::ctor)]
     fn __napi__explicit_module_register() {
       unsafe fn register(raw_env: napi::sys::napi_env, raw_exports: napi::sys::napi_value) -> napi::Result<()> {
         use napi::{Env, JsObject, NapiValue};
diff --git a/crates/napi/src/bindgen_runtime/js_values/arraybuffer.rs b/crates/napi/src/bindgen_runtime/js_values/arraybuffer.rs
index e479b269..ae2d4145 100644
--- a/crates/napi/src/bindgen_runtime/js_values/arraybuffer.rs
+++ b/crates/napi/src/bindgen_runtime/js_values/arraybuffer.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use std::sync::{
 };
 
 #[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_os = "wasi")))]
-use crate::bindgen_prelude::{CUSTOM_GC_TSFN, THREADS_CAN_ACCESS_ENV, THREAD_DESTROYED};
+use crate::bindgen_prelude::{CUSTOM_GC_TSFN, CUSTOM_GC_TSFN_DESTROYED, THREADS_CAN_ACCESS_ENV};
 pub use crate::js_values::TypedArrayType;
 use crate::{check_status, sys, Error, Result, Status};
 
@@ -77,14 +77,17 @@ macro_rules! impl_typed_array {
       fn drop(&mut self) {
         if Arc::strong_count(&self.drop_in_vm) == 1 {
           if let Some((ref_, env)) = self.raw {
-            #[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
+            if ref_.is_null() {
+              return;
+            }
+            #[cfg(not(target_os = "wasi"))]
+            if CUSTOM_GC_TSFN_DESTROYED.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
+              return;
+            }
+            #[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_os = "wasi")))]
             {
-              if THREAD_DESTROYED.with(|closed| closed.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed)) {
-                return;
-              }
               if !THREADS_CAN_ACCESS_ENV
-                .get_or_init(Default::default)
-                .contains(&std::thread::current().id())
+                .borrow_mut(|m| m.get(&std::thread::current().id()).is_some())
               {
                 let status = unsafe {
                   sys::napi_call_threadsafe_function(
@@ -94,18 +97,23 @@ macro_rules! impl_typed_array {
                   )
                 };
                 assert!(
-                  status == sys::Status::napi_ok,
-                  "Call custom GC in ArrayBuffer::drop failed {:?}",
+                  status == sys::Status::napi_ok || status == sys::Status::napi_closing,
+                  "Call custom GC in ArrayBuffer::drop failed {}",
                   Status::from(status)
                 );
                 return;
               }
             }
+            let mut ref_count = 0;
             crate::check_status_or_throw!(
               env,
-              unsafe { sys::napi_reference_unref(env, ref_, &mut 0) },
+              unsafe { sys::napi_reference_unref(env, ref_, &mut ref_count) },
               "Failed to unref ArrayBuffer reference in drop"
             );
+            debug_assert!(
+              ref_count == 0,
+              "ArrayBuffer reference count in ArrayBuffer::drop is not zero"
+            );
             crate::check_status_or_throw!(
               env,
               unsafe { sys::napi_delete_reference(env, ref_) },
@@ -344,13 +352,21 @@ macro_rules! impl_typed_array {
     }
 
     impl ToNapiValue for $name {
-      unsafe fn to_napi_value(env: sys::napi_env, val: Self) -> Result<sys::napi_value> {
+      unsafe fn to_napi_value(env: sys::napi_env, mut val: Self) -> Result<sys::napi_value> {
         if let Some((ref_, _)) = val.raw {
           let mut napi_value = std::ptr::null_mut();
           check_status!(
             unsafe { sys::napi_get_reference_value(env, ref_, &mut napi_value) },
-            "Failed to delete reference from Buffer"
+            "Failed to get reference from ArrayBuffer"
           )?;
+          // fast path for ArrayBuffer::drop
+          if Arc::strong_count(&val.drop_in_vm) == 1 {
+            check_status!(
+              unsafe { sys::napi_delete_reference(env, ref_) },
+              "Failed to delete reference in ArrayBuffer::to_napi_value"
+            )?;
+            val.raw = Some((ptr::null_mut(), ptr::null_mut()));
+          }
           return Ok(napi_value);
         }
         let mut arraybuffer_value = ptr::null_mut();
@@ -422,7 +438,7 @@ macro_rules! impl_typed_array {
           let mut napi_value = std::ptr::null_mut();
           check_status!(
             unsafe { sys::napi_get_reference_value(env, ref_, &mut napi_value) },
-            "Failed to delete reference from Buffer"
+            "Failed to get reference from ArrayBuffer"
           )?;
           Ok(napi_value)
         } else {
diff --git a/crates/napi/src/bindgen_runtime/js_values/buffer.rs b/crates/napi/src/bindgen_runtime/js_values/buffer.rs
index 4c6c73f0..b710845d 100644
--- a/crates/napi/src/bindgen_runtime/js_values/buffer.rs
+++ b/crates/napi/src/bindgen_runtime/js_values/buffer.rs
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 #[cfg(all(debug_assertions, not(windows)))]
 use std::sync::Mutex;
 
-#[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
-use crate::bindgen_prelude::{CUSTOM_GC_TSFN, THREADS_CAN_ACCESS_ENV, THREAD_DESTROYED};
+#[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_os = "wasi")))]
+use crate::bindgen_prelude::{CUSTOM_GC_TSFN, CUSTOM_GC_TSFN_DESTROYED, THREADS_CAN_ACCESS_ENV};
 use crate::{bindgen_prelude::*, check_status, sys, Result, ValueType};
 
 #[cfg(all(debug_assertions, not(windows)))]
@@ -34,15 +34,16 @@ impl Drop for Buffer {
   fn drop(&mut self) {
     if Arc::strong_count(&self.ref_count) == 1 {
       if let Some((ref_, env)) = self.raw {
-        #[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
+        if ref_.is_null() {
+          return;
+        }
+        #[cfg(not(target_os = "wasi"))]
+        if CUSTOM_GC_TSFN_DESTROYED.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst) {
+          return;
+        }
+        #[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_os = "wasi")))]
         {
-          if THREAD_DESTROYED.with(|closed| closed.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed)) {
-            return;
-          }
-          if !THREADS_CAN_ACCESS_ENV
-            .get_or_init(Default::default)
-            .contains(&std::thread::current().id())
-          {
+          if !THREADS_CAN_ACCESS_ENV.borrow_mut(|m| m.get(&std::thread::current().id()).is_some()) {
             let status = unsafe {
               sys::napi_call_threadsafe_function(
                 CUSTOM_GC_TSFN.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst),
@@ -51,8 +52,8 @@ impl Drop for Buffer {
               )
             };
             assert!(
-              status == sys::Status::napi_ok,
-              "Call custom GC in ArrayBuffer::drop failed {:?}",
+              status == sys::Status::napi_ok || status == sys::Status::napi_closing,
+              "Call custom GC in Buffer::drop failed {}",
               Status::from(status)
             );
             return;
@@ -64,6 +65,10 @@ impl Drop for Buffer {
           unsafe { sys::napi_reference_unref(env, ref_, &mut ref_count) },
           "Failed to unref Buffer reference in drop"
         );
+        debug_assert!(
+          ref_count == 0,
+          "Buffer reference count in Buffer::drop is not zero"
+        );
         check_status_or_throw!(
           env,
           unsafe { sys::napi_delete_reference(env, ref_) },
@@ -217,7 +222,7 @@ impl FromNapiValue for Buffer {
 }
 
 impl ToNapiValue for Buffer {
-  unsafe fn to_napi_value(env: sys::napi_env, val: Self) -> Result<sys::napi_value> {
+  unsafe fn to_napi_value(env: sys::napi_env, mut val: Self) -> Result<sys::napi_value> {
     // From Node.js value, not from `Vec<u8>`
     if let Some((ref_, _)) = val.raw {
       let mut buf = ptr::null_mut();
@@ -225,6 +230,14 @@ impl ToNapiValue for Buffer {
         unsafe { sys::napi_get_reference_value(env, ref_, &mut buf) },
         "Failed to get Buffer value from reference"
       )?;
+      // fast path for Buffer::drop
+      if Arc::strong_count(&val.ref_count) == 1 {
+        check_status!(
+          unsafe { sys::napi_delete_reference(env, ref_) },
+          "Failed to delete Buffer reference in Buffer::to_napi_value"
+        )?;
+        val.raw = Some((ptr::null_mut(), ptr::null_mut()));
+      }
       return Ok(buf);
     }
     let len = val.len;
diff --git a/crates/napi/src/bindgen_runtime/module_register.rs b/crates/napi/src/bindgen_runtime/module_register.rs
index 57c44861..cb4fc193 100644
--- a/crates/napi/src/bindgen_runtime/module_register.rs
+++ b/crates/napi/src/bindgen_runtime/module_register.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::ffi::CStr;
-#[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_arch = "wasm32"), not(feature = "noop")))]
-use std::hash::Hash;
-#[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
-use std::ops::Deref;
 use std::ptr;
-use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicPtr, AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+#[cfg(all(
+  any(target_os = "windows", target_os = "freebsd"),
+  feature = "napi4",
+  feature = "tokio_rt"
+))]
+use std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicPtr, Ordering};
+use std::sync::RwLock;
 use std::thread::ThreadId;
 
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
@@ -18,109 +21,13 @@ pub type ExportRegisterCallback = unsafe fn(sys::napi_env) -> Result<sys::napi_v
 pub type ModuleExportsCallback =
   unsafe fn(env: sys::napi_env, exports: sys::napi_value) -> Result<()>;
 
-struct PersistedPerInstanceVec<T> {
-  inner: AtomicPtr<T>,
-  length: AtomicUsize,
-}
-
-impl<T> Default for PersistedPerInstanceVec<T> {
-  fn default() -> Self {
-    let mut vec: Vec<T> = Vec::with_capacity(1);
-    let ret = Self {
-      inner: AtomicPtr::new(vec.as_mut_ptr()),
-      length: AtomicUsize::new(0),
-    };
-    std::mem::forget(vec);
-    ret
-  }
-}
-
-impl<T> PersistedPerInstanceVec<T> {
-  #[cfg(not(feature = "noop"))]
-  #[allow(clippy::mut_from_ref)]
-  fn borrow_mut<F>(&self, f: F)
-  where
-    F: FnOnce(&mut [T]),
-  {
-    let length = self.length.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
-    if length == 0 {
-      f(&mut []);
-    } else {
-      let inner = self.inner.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
-      let mut temp =
-        std::mem::ManuallyDrop::new(unsafe { Vec::from_raw_parts(inner, length, length) });
-      f(temp.as_mut_slice());
-      // Inner Vec has been reallocated, so we need to update the pointer
-      if temp.as_mut_ptr() != inner {
-        self.inner.store(temp.as_mut_ptr(), Ordering::Relaxed);
-      }
-      self.length.store(temp.len(), Ordering::Relaxed);
-    }
-  }
-
-  fn push(&self, item: T) {
-    let length = self.length.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
-    let inner = self.inner.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
-    let mut temp =
-      std::mem::ManuallyDrop::new(unsafe { Vec::from_raw_parts(inner, length, length) });
-    temp.push(item);
-    // Inner Vec has been reallocated, so we need to update the pointer
-    if temp.as_mut_ptr() != inner {
-      self.inner.store(temp.as_mut_ptr(), Ordering::Relaxed);
-    }
-    self.length.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
-  }
-}
-
-unsafe impl<T: Send> Send for PersistedPerInstanceVec<T> {}
-unsafe impl<T: Sync> Sync for PersistedPerInstanceVec<T> {}
-
-#[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
-pub(crate) struct PersistedPerInstanceHashSet<T: 'static> {
-  inner: *mut HashSet<T>,
-}
-
-#[cfg(not(feature = "noop"))]
-#[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
-impl<T: 'static + PartialEq + Eq + Hash> PersistedPerInstanceHashSet<T> {
-  pub(crate) fn insert(&self, item: T) {
-    Box::leak(unsafe { Box::from_raw(self.inner) }).insert(item);
-  }
-
-  fn remove(&self, item: &T) {
-    Box::leak(unsafe { Box::from_raw(self.inner) }).remove(item);
-  }
-}
-
-#[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
-impl<T: 'static> Deref for PersistedPerInstanceHashSet<T> {
-  type Target = HashSet<T>;
-
-  fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
-    Box::leak(unsafe { Box::from_raw(self.inner) })
-  }
-}
-
-#[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
-impl<T: 'static> Default for PersistedPerInstanceHashSet<T> {
-  fn default() -> Self {
-    Self {
-      inner: Box::leak(Box::default()),
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-#[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
-unsafe impl<T: Send> Send for PersistedPerInstanceHashSet<T> {}
-#[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
-unsafe impl<T: Sync> Sync for PersistedPerInstanceHashSet<T> {}
-
-pub(crate) struct PersistedPerInstanceHashMap<K, V>(*mut HashMap<K, V>);
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub(crate) struct PersistedPerInstanceHashMap<K, V>(RwLock<HashMap<K, V>>);
 
 impl<K, V> PersistedPerInstanceHashMap<K, V> {
   #[cfg(not(feature = "noop"))]
   pub(crate) fn from_hashmap(hashmap: HashMap<K, V>) -> Self {
-    Self(Box::into_raw(Box::new(hashmap)))
+    Self(RwLock::new(hashmap))
   }
 
   #[allow(clippy::mut_from_ref)]
@@ -128,19 +35,19 @@ impl<K, V> PersistedPerInstanceHashMap<K, V> {
   where
     F: FnOnce(&mut HashMap<K, V>) -> R,
   {
-    f(unsafe { Box::leak(Box::from_raw(self.0)) })
+    let mut write_lock = self.0.write().unwrap();
+    f(&mut *write_lock)
   }
 }
 
 impl<K, V> Default for PersistedPerInstanceHashMap<K, V> {
   fn default() -> Self {
-    let map = Default::default();
-    Self(Box::into_raw(Box::new(map)))
+    Self(RwLock::new(HashMap::default()))
   }
 }
 
 type ModuleRegisterCallback =
-  PersistedPerInstanceVec<(Option<&'static str>, (&'static str, ExportRegisterCallback))>;
+  RwLock<Vec<(Option<&'static str>, (&'static str, ExportRegisterCallback))>>;
 
 type ModuleClassProperty = PersistedPerInstanceHashMap<
   &'static str,
@@ -162,28 +69,23 @@ static IS_FIRST_MODULE: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(true);
 static FIRST_MODULE_REGISTERED: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(false);
 static REGISTERED_CLASSES: Lazy<RegisteredClassesMap> = Lazy::new(Default::default);
 static FN_REGISTER_MAP: Lazy<FnRegisterMap> = Lazy::new(Default::default);
-#[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
+#[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_os = "wasi")))]
 pub(crate) static CUSTOM_GC_TSFN: AtomicPtr<sys::napi_threadsafe_function__> =
   AtomicPtr::new(ptr::null_mut());
-#[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
-thread_local! {
-  // CustomGC ThreadsafeFunction may be deleted during the process exit.
-  // And there may still some Buffer alive after that.
-  pub(crate) static THREAD_DESTROYED: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(false);
-}
-#[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
+#[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_os = "wasi")))]
+pub(crate) static CUSTOM_GC_TSFN_DESTROYED: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(false);
+#[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_os = "wasi")))]
 // Store thread id of the thread that created the CustomGC ThreadsafeFunction.
-pub(crate) static THREADS_CAN_ACCESS_ENV: once_cell::sync::OnceCell<
-  PersistedPerInstanceHashSet<ThreadId>,
-> = once_cell::sync::OnceCell::new();
+pub(crate) static THREADS_CAN_ACCESS_ENV: once_cell::sync::Lazy<
+  PersistedPerInstanceHashMap<ThreadId, bool>,
+> = once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(Default::default);
 
 type RegisteredClasses =
   PersistedPerInstanceHashMap</* export name */ String, /* constructor */ sys::napi_ref>;
 
 #[cfg(all(feature = "compat-mode", not(feature = "noop")))]
 // compatibility for #[module_exports]
-static MODULE_EXPORTS: Lazy<PersistedPerInstanceVec<ModuleExportsCallback>> =
-  Lazy::new(Default::default);
+static MODULE_EXPORTS: Lazy<RwLock<Vec<ModuleExportsCallback>>> = Lazy::new(Default::default);
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "noop"))]
 #[inline]
@@ -207,7 +109,10 @@ pub fn get_class_constructor(js_name: &'static str) -> Option<sys::napi_ref> {
 #[cfg(all(feature = "compat-mode", not(feature = "noop")))]
 // compatibility for #[module_exports]
 pub fn register_module_exports(callback: ModuleExportsCallback) {
-  MODULE_EXPORTS.push(callback);
+  MODULE_EXPORTS
+    .write()
+    .expect("Register module exports failed")
+    .push(callback);
 }
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -216,7 +121,10 @@ pub fn register_module_export(
   name: &'static str,
   cb: ExportRegisterCallback,
 ) {
-  MODULE_REGISTER_CALLBACK.push((js_mod, (name, cb)));
+  MODULE_REGISTER_CALLBACK
+    .write()
+    .expect("Register module export failed")
+    .push((js_mod, (name, cb)));
 }
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -338,7 +246,7 @@ fn load_host() {
   }
 }
 
-#[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(feature = "noop")))]
+#[cfg(all(target_os = "wasi", not(feature = "noop")))]
 #[no_mangle]
 unsafe extern "C" fn napi_register_wasm_v1(
   env: sys::napi_env,
@@ -366,8 +274,12 @@ pub unsafe extern "C" fn napi_register_module_v1(
     wait_first_thread_registered();
   }
   let mut exports_objects: HashSet<String> = HashSet::default();
-  MODULE_REGISTER_CALLBACK.borrow_mut(|inner| {
-    inner
+
+  {
+    let mut register_callback = MODULE_REGISTER_CALLBACK
+      .write()
+      .expect("Write MODULE_REGISTER_CALLBACK in napi_register_module_v1 failed");
+    register_callback
       .iter_mut()
       .fold(
         HashMap::<Option<&'static str>, Vec<(&'static str, ExportRegisterCallback)>>::new(),
@@ -437,8 +349,8 @@ pub unsafe extern "C" fn napi_register_module_v1(
             }
           }
         }
-      })
-  });
+      });
+  }
 
   let mut registered_classes = HashMap::new();
 
@@ -536,15 +448,20 @@ pub unsafe extern "C" fn napi_register_module_v1(
   });
 
   #[cfg(feature = "compat-mode")]
-  MODULE_EXPORTS.borrow_mut(|inner| {
-    inner.iter().for_each(|callback| unsafe {
+  {
+    let module_exports = MODULE_EXPORTS.read().expect("Read MODULE_EXPORTS failed");
+    module_exports.iter().for_each(|callback| unsafe {
       if let Err(e) = callback(env, exports) {
         JsError::from(e).throw_into(env);
       }
     })
-  });
+  }
 
-  #[cfg(all(windows, feature = "napi4", feature = "tokio_rt"))]
+  #[cfg(all(
+    any(target_os = "windows", target_os = "freebsd"),
+    feature = "napi4",
+    feature = "tokio_rt"
+  ))]
   {
     crate::tokio_runtime::ensure_runtime();
 
@@ -560,7 +477,7 @@ pub unsafe extern "C" fn napi_register_module_v1(
       )
     };
   }
-  #[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
+  #[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_os = "wasi")))]
   create_custom_gc(env);
   FIRST_MODULE_REGISTERED.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
   exports
@@ -584,67 +501,69 @@ pub(crate) unsafe extern "C" fn noop(
   ptr::null_mut()
 }
 
-#[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_arch = "wasm32"), not(feature = "noop")))]
+#[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_os = "wasi"), not(feature = "noop")))]
 fn create_custom_gc(env: sys::napi_env) {
   use std::os::raw::c_char;
 
-  let mut custom_gc_fn = ptr::null_mut();
-  check_status_or_throw!(
-    env,
-    unsafe {
-      sys::napi_create_function(
-        env,
-        "custom_gc".as_ptr() as *const c_char,
-        9,
-        Some(empty),
-        ptr::null_mut(),
-        &mut custom_gc_fn,
-      )
-    },
-    "Create Custom GC Function in napi_register_module_v1 failed"
-  );
-  let mut async_resource_name = ptr::null_mut();
-  check_status_or_throw!(
-    env,
-    unsafe {
-      sys::napi_create_string_utf8(
-        env,
-        "CustomGC".as_ptr() as *const c_char,
-        8,
-        &mut async_resource_name,
-      )
-    },
-    "Create async resource string in napi_register_module_v1"
-  );
-  let mut custom_gc_tsfn = ptr::null_mut();
-  check_status_or_throw!(
-    env,
-    unsafe {
-      sys::napi_create_threadsafe_function(
-        env,
-        custom_gc_fn,
-        ptr::null_mut(),
-        async_resource_name,
-        0,
-        1,
-        ptr::null_mut(),
-        Some(custom_gc_finalize),
-        ptr::null_mut(),
-        Some(custom_gc),
-        &mut custom_gc_tsfn,
-      )
-    },
-    "Create Custom GC ThreadsafeFunction in napi_register_module_v1 failed"
-  );
-  check_status_or_throw!(
-    env,
-    unsafe { sys::napi_unref_threadsafe_function(env, custom_gc_tsfn) },
-    "Unref Custom GC ThreadsafeFunction in napi_register_module_v1 failed"
-  );
-  CUSTOM_GC_TSFN.store(custom_gc_tsfn, Ordering::Relaxed);
-  let threads = THREADS_CAN_ACCESS_ENV.get_or_init(Default::default);
+  if !FIRST_MODULE_REGISTERED.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
+    let mut custom_gc_fn = ptr::null_mut();
+    check_status_or_throw!(
+      env,
+      unsafe {
+        sys::napi_create_function(
+          env,
+          "custom_gc".as_ptr().cast(),
+          9,
+          Some(empty),
+          ptr::null_mut(),
+          &mut custom_gc_fn,
+        )
+      },
+      "Create Custom GC Function in napi_register_module_v1 failed"
+    );
+    let mut async_resource_name = ptr::null_mut();
+    check_status_or_throw!(
+      env,
+      unsafe {
+        sys::napi_create_string_utf8(
+          env,
+          "CustomGC".as_ptr() as *const c_char,
+          8,
+          &mut async_resource_name,
+        )
+      },
+      "Create async resource string in napi_register_module_v1"
+    );
+    let mut custom_gc_tsfn = ptr::null_mut();
+    check_status_or_throw!(
+      env,
+      unsafe {
+        sys::napi_create_threadsafe_function(
+          env,
+          custom_gc_fn,
+          ptr::null_mut(),
+          async_resource_name,
+          0,
+          1,
+          ptr::null_mut(),
+          Some(custom_gc_finalize),
+          ptr::null_mut(),
+          Some(custom_gc),
+          &mut custom_gc_tsfn,
+        )
+      },
+      "Create Custom GC ThreadsafeFunction in napi_register_module_v1 failed"
+    );
+    check_status_or_throw!(
+      env,
+      unsafe { sys::napi_unref_threadsafe_function(env, custom_gc_tsfn) },
+      "Unref Custom GC ThreadsafeFunction in napi_register_module_v1 failed"
+    );
+    CUSTOM_GC_TSFN.store(custom_gc_tsfn, Ordering::Relaxed);
+  }
+
   let current_thread_id = std::thread::current().id();
-  threads.insert(current_thread_id);
+  THREADS_CAN_ACCESS_ENV.borrow_mut(|m| m.insert(current_thread_id, true));
   check_status_or_throw!(
     env,
     unsafe {
@@ -658,33 +577,29 @@ fn create_custom_gc(env: sys::napi_env) {
   );
 }
 
-#[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_arch = "wasm32"), not(feature = "noop")))]
+#[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_os = "wasi"), not(feature = "noop")))]
 unsafe extern "C" fn remove_thread_id(id: *mut std::ffi::c_void) {
   let thread_id = unsafe { Box::from_raw(id.cast::<ThreadId>()) };
-  THREADS_CAN_ACCESS_ENV
-    .get_or_init(Default::default)
-    .remove(&*thread_id);
+  THREADS_CAN_ACCESS_ENV.borrow_mut(|m| m.insert(*thread_id, false));
 }
 
-#[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_arch = "wasm32"), not(feature = "noop")))]
+#[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_os = "wasi"), not(feature = "noop")))]
 #[allow(unused)]
 unsafe extern "C" fn empty(env: sys::napi_env, info: sys::napi_callback_info) -> sys::napi_value {
   ptr::null_mut()
 }
 
-#[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_arch = "wasm32"), not(feature = "noop")))]
-#[allow(unused)]
+#[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_os = "wasi"), not(feature = "noop")))]
+#[allow(unused_variables)]
 unsafe extern "C" fn custom_gc_finalize(
   env: sys::napi_env,
   finalize_data: *mut std::ffi::c_void,
   finalize_hint: *mut std::ffi::c_void,
 ) {
-  THREAD_DESTROYED.with(|closed| {
-    closed.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
-  });
+  CUSTOM_GC_TSFN_DESTROYED.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
 }
 
-#[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_arch = "wasm32"), not(feature = "noop")))]
+#[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_os = "wasi"), not(feature = "noop")))]
 // recycle the ArrayBuffer/Buffer Reference if the ArrayBuffer/Buffer is not dropped on the main thread
 extern "C" fn custom_gc(
   env: sys::napi_env,
@@ -692,9 +607,14 @@ extern "C" fn custom_gc(
   _context: *mut std::ffi::c_void,
   data: *mut std::ffi::c_void,
 ) {
+  // current thread was destroyed
+  if THREADS_CAN_ACCESS_ENV.borrow_mut(|m| m.get(&std::thread::current().id()) == Some(&false)) {
+    return;
+  }
+  let mut reference = 0;
   check_status_or_throw!(
     env,
-    unsafe { sys::napi_delete_reference(env, data as sys::napi_ref) },
+    unsafe { sys::napi_reference_unref(env, data.cast(), &mut reference) },
     "Failed to delete Buffer reference in Custom GC"
   );
 }
diff --git a/crates/napi/src/js_values/deferred.rs b/crates/napi/src/js_values/deferred.rs
index c990fdee..8cde0dc9 100644
--- a/crates/napi/src/js_values/deferred.rs
+++ b/crates/napi/src/js_values/deferred.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@ use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::os::raw::c_void;
 use std::ptr;
 
-#[cfg(all(feature = "napi4", not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
-use crate::bindgen_prelude::THREAD_DESTROYED;
 use crate::bindgen_runtime::ToNapiValue;
 use crate::{check_status, JsObject, Value};
 use crate::{sys, Env, Error, Result};
@@ -208,12 +206,6 @@ extern "C" fn napi_resolve_deferred<Data: ToNapiValue, Resolver: FnOnce(Env) ->
   context: *mut c_void,
   data: *mut c_void,
 ) {
-  #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-  {
-    if THREAD_DESTROYED.with(|closed| closed.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed)) {
-      return;
-    }
-  }
   let deferred = context.cast();
   let deferred_data: Box<DeferredData<Data, Resolver>> = unsafe { Box::from_raw(data.cast()) };
   let result = deferred_data
diff --git a/crates/napi/src/tokio_runtime.rs b/crates/napi/src/tokio_runtime.rs
index eebc0d29..c56c1a69 100644
--- a/crates/napi/src/tokio_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/napi/src/tokio_runtime.rs
@@ -23,14 +23,14 @@ fn create_runtime() -> Option<Runtime> {
 
 pub(crate) static RT: Lazy<RwLock<Option<Runtime>>> = Lazy::new(|| RwLock::new(create_runtime()));
 
-#[cfg(windows)]
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_os = "freebsd"))]
 static RT_REFERENCE_COUNT: std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize = std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0);
 
 /// Ensure that the Tokio runtime is initialized.
 /// In windows the Tokio runtime will be dropped when Node env exits.
 /// But in Electron renderer process, the Node env will exits and recreate when the window reloads.
 /// So we need to ensure that the Tokio runtime is initialized when the Node env is created.
-#[cfg(windows)]
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_os = "freebsd"))]
 pub(crate) fn ensure_runtime() {
   use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ pub(crate) fn ensure_runtime() {
   RT_REFERENCE_COUNT.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
 }
 
-#[cfg(windows)]
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_os = "freebsd"))]
 pub(crate) unsafe extern "C" fn drop_runtime(_arg: *mut std::ffi::c_void) {
   use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 
@@ -104,10 +104,10 @@ pub fn execute_tokio_future<
     }
   };
 
-  #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+  #[cfg(not(target_os = "wasi"))]
   spawn(inner);
 
-  #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+  #[cfg(target_os = "wasi")]
   block_on(inner);
 
   Ok(promise.0.value)
diff --git a/examples/napi/__tests__/worker-thread.spec.ts b/examples/napi/__tests__/worker-thread.spec.ts
index 4bb1d09b..f5ec786d 100644
--- a/examples/napi/__tests__/worker-thread.spec.ts
+++ b/examples/napi/__tests__/worker-thread.spec.ts
@@ -8,14 +8,19 @@ const { Animal, Kind, DEFAULT_COST } = (await import('../index.js')).default
 
 const __dirname = join(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url), '..')
 
-// aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu is extremely slow in CI, skip it or it will timeout
 const t =
+  // aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu is extremely slow in CI, skip it or it will timeout
   (process.arch === 'arm64' && process.platform === 'linux') ||
   process.env.WASI_TEST
     ? test.skip
     : test
 
-const concurrency = process.platform === 'win32' || process.platform === 'darwin' || (process.platform === 'linux' && process.arch === 'x64') ? 50 : 10
+const concurrency =
+  process.platform === 'win32' ||
+  process.platform === 'darwin' ||
+  (process.platform === 'linux' && process.arch === 'x64')
+    ? 50
+    : 10
 
 t('should be able to require in worker thread', async (t) => {
   await Promise.all(
diff --git a/examples/napi/src/async.rs b/examples/napi/src/async.rs
index 6d762107..724e3909 100644
--- a/examples/napi/src/async.rs
+++ b/examples/napi/src/async.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "wasi"))]
 use futures::prelude::*;
 use napi::bindgen_prelude::*;
 use napi::tokio;
-#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "wasi"))]
 use napi::tokio::fs;
 
 #[napi]
 async fn read_file_async(path: String) -> Result<Buffer> {
-  #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+  #[cfg(not(target_os = "wasi"))]
   {
     fs::read(path)
       .map(|r| match r {
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ async fn read_file_async(path: String) -> Result<Buffer> {
       })
       .await
   }
-  #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+  #[cfg(target_os = "wasi")]
   {
     let conetent = std::fs::read(path)?;
     Ok(conetent.into())
diff --git a/examples/napi/src/enum.rs b/examples/napi/src/enum.rs
index a2e72a18..73806eb7 100644
--- a/examples/napi/src/enum.rs
+++ b/examples/napi/src/enum.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-use napi::bindgen_prelude::*;
-
 /// default enum values are continuos i32s start from 0
 #[napi]
 pub enum Kind {